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1. (Feb 2004) 'An Interview with Patrick Antosh, head costume designer' a Queerasfolk.ca exclusive
[interviewed February 14th, 2004]

Patrick Antosh has been the costume designer for Showtime/Showcase's Queer as Folk since it's debut in December 2000. Patrick graciously took time from his busy schedule on the set of season 4, to give us another glimpse of the world of Queer as Folk Costume Design. [scroll to the bottom of the interview to see links to previous interviews Patrick has done].

Queerasfolk.ca [Q]: Patrick, in previous interviews you attributed much of your initial drive into the world of costume design to the mentorship of Canadian designer and 2-time Genie Award winning Olga Dimitrov who you met on the set of the movie Johnny Mnemonic back in 1994. Who / What else have been your sources of inspiration over the years?

Patrick Antosh [PA]: As a costume designer, my inspiration comes from the street. I prefer to do contemporary pictures and I look out the door at real people and real scenarios and try to bring them to my work,even with outlandish characters and scenarios I like to make the characters look as realistic as possible, this makes the gag more believable, therefore funnier. A walk through your local mall will expose you to characters who are sometimes too farfetched even for TV. My work ethic comes from my Father and also from the aforementioned Olga Dimitrov. My business sense comes from designers like Sex and the City's Patricia Fields, who have expanded beyond the office door of their current job. I have designed on all levels besides costume, original furniture, home interiors. Queer as Folk is simply my most notorious work (to date, <lol>)

[Q]: Have you always wanted to be a costume designer?

[PA]: I've always had a knack for design. In high school. I focused on art classes and for a year or so , thought I wanted to be a clothing designer. This didn't last long. I fought my artistic urges and tried to do something more responsible through business education etc. I was a miserable failure. Slowly I started side lines of interior design and such , exposing me to other artists and people like Olga Dimitrov.

QUEER AS FOLK

[Q]: Queer as Folk broke new ground on television by giving a frank perspective of gay life. In doing so, it initially brought calls for censorship from conservatives. Did this untested audience affect your creative freedom, or the way you initially designed clothing for the cast when the series started? And has that changed over the last 4 seasons?

[PA]: Queer as Folk was pretty much under attack from day one. This seemed only to incite the executive producers, Dan Lipman and Ron Cowen to stand by their vision even stronger. I have had nothing but unconditional support in any idea I've had since day one. This is truly one of the most collaborative productions I have ever seen or heard of. The only change in 4 years is that public scrutiny has lessened.

[Q]: Do you consider yourself to be a trend-setter because of the high profile of the fashions in the show?

[PA]: I have definitely seen some things I have done on the show , show up in reality, Brian's cowery shell bracelet for one, although i have to admit, Gale Harold brought that to the show - I just wanted him to let Brian wear it as well. In 4th season we get to watch Melanie's belly grow, and I'm in love with a lot of the original clothing I've made for that character

[Q]: What is your favourite part of the process of costume design?

[PA]: I love when i first get a script. I can visualise exactly how i see the finished product without anyone else's opinions and no budget restrictions. Its only in my head at this point to do as i want. I try as hard as I can to retain that original vision as restrictions of producer actor director opinion, locations and budget modify what can and can't be done.

[Q]: Has your involvement with the costume design changed since the beginning of the series?

[PA]: As i said earlier , this is an incredibly cloaborative production. I have been allowed to bring in the Babylon entertainment and turned the gogo boys into their own cottage industry. I see people out and about whom I recommend to Extras casting and have even been on the show a couple of times myself at directors' requests.

[Q]: Which outfit are you most proud of?

[PA]: Several.
- Emmett dressed in the Jackie Kennedy outfit. The entire idea of even doing him in drag was mine.
- The illuminated drag bride at the white party in Miami
- Lindsay and Mel's wedding outfit
- and this season [4], a drag show, 2 drag queen dresses and a Debbie outfit to die for.

[Q]: What is the most challenging design you ever came up with?

[PA]: When Michael's father performed at in "Angels over Pittsburgh" at Babylon. Having him (and the dress) stretch 15 feet was a feat of engineering.

[Q]: Do you ever look back at some of the fashions on the earlier seasons and think, "Oh my g*d what was I thinking? That's so out of fashion now"?

[PA]: Oh God yes. But then I just rent other shows on DVD and realize that their designers are thinking the exact same thing. we all looked different 4 years ago

[Q]: How much notice do you actually get from the time you get a script to the time you have to deliver the finished costumes?

[PA]: we prep a script for 7 days and then shoot it for seven days. No concept is locked until the day it's actually shot, so nothing is written in stone. With larger concepts the producers will often talk about them with me weeks in advance.

[Q]: Are you present at tapings of the show in case of a last minute crisis?

[PA]: Unfortunately I can't be , but my crew know I'm available by cell phone 24/7. I'm present for any really wardrobe intensive scenes

[Q]: Do the casting and crew ever come to you for fashion advice?

[PA]: Actually yes they do. Lots of people stop by for "approval " of something they're wearing to a special event. And with the cast I'm always flattered when they "borrow" something I bought for their character. They always 'fess up. But it shows they really do like what i pick for them.

[Q]: Has working on the Queer as Folk series given you enough time to pursue other endeavors, or opened up new opportunities? In the last couple of years alone, it seems you’ve been involved in many other costume design projects such as on the movie Soldier’s Girl, as well as local events such as the Atmosphere Performers in last year’s Toronto Unity pride main event. How do you ever find the time??

[PA]: During our hiatus between each season I try to do a film project. As much as I love QAF I need to spread my wings so my ideas don't become stale. I love to volunteer and help out local charities and events. I don't have time to build things but I'm always willing to give free advice and guidance in design concepts.

ABOUT YOURSELF

[Q]: OK, moving away from Queer as Folk itself, many fans of the show want to know more about you. Have you always lived in/around Toronto?

[PA]: I have considered Toronto home for only 2 years. Before that I lived in Elora, a small Ontario town, but kept a small apartment in Toronto, merely as a place to sleep on long work days.

[Q]: So, the fans want to know - are you single? partnered up?

[PA]: I'm single, kind of like a Brian with out a Justin.

[Q]: Do you get to travel much? What is your favorite city or place in the world?

[PA]: I travel quite a bit, my favourite spot being Paris which I manage to get to once or twice a year, Every year I have brought back American style clothing for characters on the show.

Tune into Queer as Folk this spring for Season 4.
Previous interviews with Patrick Antosh: Nov 2001 from QAF Addiction Site



2. (Jan 2004) 'QAF-UK - a University of East London dissertation by Ryan Edwards'
courtesy of Ryan Edwards; [submitted 2001]

*Note: At the author's request, any use of this dissertation should include an acknowledgement of the author. Ryan Edwards welcomes any feedback regarding this dissertation at: ryanedwards1@hotmail.com

Does the controversy surrounding the series 'Queer as Folk' reveal more the banality of current TV or society’s persistent homophobia?

Introduction

There have been times in television history where certain programmes have tackled society’s taboos in a particularly vivid way by coming to fruition at sometimes sensitive times. For example the controversial topic of the sixties was of immigration and the media's double edged ability both inflamed public opinion through newsprint and reflected their concerns through controversial comedy sitcoms such as 'Love Thy Neighbour' and 'Bless This House' which both dealt with the then taboo of race. As within any cultures what is deemed acceptable and unacceptable changes over time and so it could be said that Queer as Folk (QAF) is a nineties' equivalent of such shows.

Homosexuality is arguably one of the last remaining taboos in many cultures and one that dominates the topic of social change, particularly in the West. This notion of taboo was blatantly challenged when the first episode involved consensual gay sex between an adult and a 15-year-old. Much has been said on this topic in recent years as society’s views have gradually liberalised, as the traditional societal unit, marriage, has fallen into terminal decline. In this context the new Labour government has, since taking office in 1997 attempted to introduce several equality laws, most significantly equalising the age of consent and the repeal of section 281 that disallows the 'promotion' of homosexuality in schools. The political impact of this show is acutely measured in Peter Billingham’s Sensing the City through Television where he refers to a letter from the National Viewer’s and Listener’s Association2 to the Independent Television Commission (ITC) on the 24th Feb 1999:

This programme is calculated to influence public opinion at a time when the age of homosexual consent is being debated in Parliament [ Billingham 2000:121]

In a similar vein to the controversial shows of the sixties, the newspapers have had a feeding frenzy stoking public opinion and yet the other side of the media, TV has sought to tackle issues in a different way through an unexpectedly acclaimed drama series and its sequel. Such a show therefore must contain substantial communication techniques and so I felt aside from personal interest it would prove a valid subject to research into. Within the media, much is made of controversy; indeed it could be considered a vital element of, for example, the music industry.

Therefore I decided to frame my research around the reasons Queer as Folk caused such controversy, identifying two potential strands. Firstly whether the construction and content of the show was radically different from its peers in an era when TV is increasingly referred to as banal and 'dumbed down'. Secondly to attempt to gauge whether our society has indeed liberalised its attitudes to homosexuality and the subsequent affect such media texts have. Regarding the actual construction of the research question, I am making the assumption that the level of controversy was unusually high and so builds revelations above the normal controversy that some shows intentionally promote just to increase ratings.

Background

My aims for this research are numerous. Firstly I wanted to subject aspects of the show to a communication studies analysis which I hope would further my understanding and appreciation of the show while revealing interesting results. Widening the scope onto the media industry and how such a show is communicated and its effects. Also I wanted to scratch beneath the surface of common assumptions; for example whether the gay population is as homogenous as the press would have you believe. To this end I highlighted two methods of inquiry that would prove most fruitful within the limitations of this research. Firstly the methods of surveys and sampling in order to ascertain opinion on my two main research strands and to qualify my theories, taking into careful account a review of what literature there has been around the series. Secondly the method of selective content and textual analysis as research into the cultural level of controversy and communication techniques used. I will be discussing epistemological issues in so far as I will be deconstructing certain preconceptions that myself and wider society hold and using my survey results to test my subsequent theories.

Literature Review

For this research project, I have divided my literature review in two. Firstly there is the question of what academic texts I have consulted and their degree of validity. Secondly I will review a selection of varying literature that has dealt with Queer as folk and the issues it raises, all the time looking from a Communication Studies angle.

Two useful academic texts I have used are A Handbook of Qualitative Methodologies for Mass Communication Research by Bruhan Jensen, K & Jankowsi, N.W (1991) and Researching Communications by Deacon, D, Pickering M, Golding, P & Murdock, G (1999).

Both have proved useful. I found Jensen & Jankowsi to have a more theoretical approach with detailed insights into how many Communication methodologies and techniques came into practice, such as Semiotics. Relating these concepts to working theories in the field I found Sonia Livingstone’s Making Sense of Television detailed discourse of semiotic analysis of soaps as a framework against which I could position my analysis of QAF. However in the area I am studying, a visual text (television programme) I found there to be a discourse concerned at the lack of communication progress in this area. For example Researching Communications explains:

When we turn to images, however, we have much less to go on since work on the visual dimensions of media remains relatively under developed
[Deacon, Pickering, Golding & Murdock 1999:185]

Since Jensen & Jankowsi published in 1991, analysis in this area was even less developed than it is today, so while I have attempted to take on board some of the issues raised, I found myself concentrating on the other text.

I found Researching Communications to be valuable for several reasons. Firstly while it deals with the theory, it is written from a practical viewpoint so it has been a valuable guide to correctly utilising the relevant methodologies. It is a joint effort from four lecturers and professors increasing the scope of what the text covers. Its recent publication date means some of the more recent Communication discourses, especially advancement in analysing images, are covered in greater depth. Obviously not all literature I consulted would prove to be useful, I consulted the Sexuality and Culture online journal3 but found it to be largely American-centric and the detailed case-studies failed to largely deal with gay representation on TV.

Regarding the literature produced following the show, there has been little academic study into the shows' effects due to its recent airing. However the show has the potential to affect things that would not normally appear obvious. For example the 14th May edition of the Metro newspaper (a free paper for Londoners) reviewed a restaurant opening in Soho, Manto, that had gained popularity due to the original Manto appearing in the Manchester based series. As an attempt to reach across traditional boundaries, mimicking the show, the restaurant aimed to have a sexually ambivalent atmosphere, catering for both heterosexuals and homosexuals.

In more immediate circles Queer as Folk has been written about fairly extensively. Academically Billingham has a specific chapter on the show (see section on Content and Textual analysis). The writer of the show, Russell T Davies has made prolific comments on the series, with some interesting information revealed on both the released CDs by dance specialists Almighty to include and supplement both UK series’ modern soundtracks. A prolific writer, on the first he details how in TV in the past there had often been gay characters but never ones centre stage. Popular shows attempt to reach as wide an audience as possible, so the temptation to target a particular minority exclusively is obviously a narrow bridge to walk. Dated February 1999, Davies writes

And striving to make it good drama - never mind that it's gay, never mind the issues, they [Channel 4] just wanted it to be good [QAF Album: 1999]

As a note of context here it needs to be considered who commissioned the show. Channel 4 came in to being in the 1980's as an alternative to the mainstream BBC and ITV. I found an interesting resource here to be A Queer Romance by Paul Burston and Colin Richardson as they describe Channel 4’s initial struggles to gain a distinctive identity aside from the mainstream. In particularly how Outrage heading by the direct activist Peter Tatchell launched a petition for a gay representation on TV with a call for a gay program to ‘sit’ with a black program and similar minorities. A major part of its brief was towards minority programming, as an alternative the Channel quickly gained a reputation for courting controversy (A similar discourse can be seen today with C5's reputation for showing soft pornographic movies). So the channel may seem bold in retrospect but it was only fulfilling its brief in a similar way to ITV commissioning a Sunday drama series for example. Channel 4 was deemed the natural home for the series according to Davies (see Appendix 1) because of its remit, though of course there was the risk that the show’s content would have a negative impact. Surprisingly Davies makes the point that the then, commissioning editor for ITV, David Liddiment said he would have picked up the show, though tellingly from a commercial channel, this was told in retrospect when all the publicity and high video, CD and DVD sales was apparent.

From the QAF 2 album dated February 2000, to coincide when the sequel series aired; Davies commented

Let's be honest. When you're commissioned to write a late night drama for Channel 4 you expect viewing figures to match the guest-list for a teetotal prayer meeting. [QAF 2 album: 2000]

In reality the Show's performance exceeded all expectations, regarding the programme’s content, channel and time slot. It regularly achieved over 3.5 million viewers, being one of the few specialist minority programmes to cross over into the mainstream, with a demographic of heterosexual women and their partners being a considerable boost. I will examine the communication reasons for this success, in my report sections on analysis of my results and analysis of a section of the show.

As research into society’s homophobia and the series, the 5th May 2000 edition of The Pink Paper had an interesting article by Michael Osborn where the ITC revealed their latest TV complaints (These can be obtained through their website www.itc.org.uk). The article reports there had been thirteen for Queer as Folk 2 but twelve were regarding a poor taste joke about the late Jill Dando and not homosexuality. This is in contrast to the thirty complaints received for the original series. The head of ITC makes the point:

The gay issue is more discussed by people now and the more this continues the less prejudice there will be [Osborn M 2000:32]

A powerful riposte to those who looked towards the show's first episode with its provocatively controversial gay sex and labelled the entire series as shock material and no more, in particular tabloid TV critics. Of particular note here was the Daily Mails reaction which saw the show as diametrically opposed to its courtship of conservative middle England sensibilities. I take the stance that had there not been an uproar caused and the provocation of subsequent discussion then how will prejudices ever be broken down?

In the February 2000 edition of Gay Times, in an interview with Russell T Davies, there is the irony of the communications media battling against itself. In a commodity driven market this can have a restraining effect on right wing opinion, for example Davies here observes that Gary Bushell in his regular showbiz column for The Sun newspaper originally said after the airing of the first episode:

Boycott all the companies who advertise in the commercial breaks of this programme [Marr D 2000:38]

This was to spectacularly backfire as Rupert Murdock, having joint ownership of the paper and the dominant satellite TV provider; Sky which was advertising in QAF commercial breaks. Consequently Bushnells objections to the show were quickly stifled by episode five.

The May 2000 edition of Fluid magazine has an interesting article that sheds some light on the contrast between Queer and Folk and contemporary TV. Paul Clements examines the fact that gays in soap operas such as Eastenders are consistently shown as banal and so Queer as Folk's opposite approach making 'Manchester look like LA' while extravagant, could go some way to why the new portrayal caused such controversy.

Method

In order to pilot study my research question effectively, I needed to consider the different methodologies available to me.

The first question I asked myself was the balance my research would take between qualitative and quantitative research. I have used a balance of both, some qualitative elements, drawing on my own experience and research in the field and then quantitative techniques to reinforce, such as my surveys.

Bearing in mind I am dealing with an ever more visible minority group I wanted to design a survey with a flexible structure to allow maximum feedback. I needed to consider the individual advantages and disadvantages each methodology would carry. Regarding the method of surveys, although ultimately I would have liked a universal level of representation, within the limited scope of this research I decided it necessary to target specifically to maximise the utility of my responses. I realise this biases my findings, as gay people were not the only audience to have watched the series. However I believe this is acceptable considering there was an original target audience. Therefore to achieve theoretical sampling I took my surveys to BLAG; (Bisexual Lesbian Gay Group) based in Southend on Sea. It is an institution designed to offer mutual support. Secondly I utilised the electronic media and sent my questionnaire via e-mail to friends who had watched the show. The construction of the survey would obviously determine my research, so I found reference to The art of Asking Questions published in 1951 by S.L.Payne useful. She identifies four factors that affect responses to questions, which I have attempted to consider during the drafting of my survey but will reflect upon when I analyse my results. Firstly behaviour, that is where people may simply lie. Beliefs that may override a more social response. Attitudes, where they answer in a way they would like the situation to be and attributes where they answer in a way they believe the questioner would find appropriate. I have viewed the different strands within a particular methodology as open to interpretation and so my self-completion questionnaire, while it is obviously structured, also allows for some more qualitative answers via open questions.

I chose Surveys in order that I could acquire a large amount of information which I could then statistically analyse. Comparisons from different respondents can be examined and through targeting I can be representative of the primary group. However I am aware of the disadvantages this method entails which I have attempted to minimise. Primarily I will be influencing the responses by my choice of questioning and there is a limit to their responses, a factor less prevalent in face to face or phone interviews as those communication methods provoke dialogism. As an element of my survey and research is social investigation, the interviewee's spontaneity is reduced, as they have to think of appropriate responses. There are the more technical constraints of different interpretation of the questions and inaccurate answering. However as I researched my method previous to implementation I feel my analysis will explain how I tried to overcome these disadvantages.

Drawing from Researching Communications, the point is made:

It is in qualitative research that the automatic assumption that 'big is beautiful' is most directly challenged [Deacon, Pickering , Golding & Murdock 1999:43]

As I am researching into a delicate human topic I could afford to keep my sample modest and my total is 20 (see Appendix 2). While I realise this is deemed inadequate in social science terms, I feel certain advantages justify me in this approach. Firstly at this size the usual problem of non-response could be kept under control as I was present with half of the survey respondents and could answer any queries they had. Likewise e-mail affords a similar quality though non-response to certain questions is inevitable. Secondly there is the difficulty in obtaining useful results on a specific matter concerning sexuality, as my questionnaire largely relied on respondents having seen the show therefore a widespread general sample would have brought little benefit. By targeting in this way I feel I have attained a good cross-section, namely individuals I know through association of both sexuality's, a local gay youth group and a global perspective via French and Canadian OAF sites. (www.queerasfolk.fr.st and www.queerasfolk.ca respectively) From communication with these sites individuals requested questionnaires via e-mail, to highlight this variety I have included some of their requests (see Appendix 3). Thirdly the validity of the size of my sample is substantially complemented by an exclusive telephone interview with the series creator Russell T Davies as this gives an authoritative comparison for my results (see Interview section and Appendix 1). These ethnographic approaches have considerable advantages as established by David Morley’s The Nationwide Audience (1980) as they allow me to discuss media consumption in an everyday context while interpreting individuals responses from differing social backgrounds (see Results section).

I would say my research has a degree of stratified random sampling as qualified by Jensen & Jankowsi, in so far as I selected subjects that shared similar characteristics. Namely their sexuality, but was selective above simple random selection because I was aware of the need to be representative within the sample so age and gender were (secondary) considerations. The main thrust of my sampling though is undoubtedly theoretical because I reasoned this would be the group who would give the most validity to my personal theories. Going to BLAG presented me with the chance of strong convenience sampling where I hoped that the social group present would present a cluster of particularly interesting opportunities to research. I also felt this elevated the method above a basic self-completion questionnaire because the environment allowed for some discussion. My presence also removed the demoralising factor of a distant questioner and respondent. This has been beneficial to the extent to which my open questions have been answered. Accordingly the response to my open questions was also excellent from the questionnaires I received from www.queerasfolk.ca as they share specific interest in the area.

I quickly realised that simple closed questions revealing yes and no answers would be of little evaluative gain to my research question as Deacon et al comments:

Organic and responsive approach is essential to generate deeper insights into subtle and complex perceptions and beliefs. [Deacon, Pickering, Golding & Murdock 1999:63]

Bearing the above factors in mind, I knew to keep the questionnaire short to maintain interest. Secondly to start with simple open questions to lead the candidate in. I wanted my questions to provoke thought much as the show I am researching did so I included an ambiguous question; 'Do you think Queer as Folk represents normal gay life?' with a follow up question purely designed to record their thoughts.

Initially I piloted my study to ten of my colleagues to gain feedback for revision. While I gained interesting quantifiable results, this revealed the need for more open questions as these would give me more revealing answers with the possibility to identify if any common broad themes emerged (see Results section). With this progression I introduced questions of increasing complexity, my questions 12, 13, & 14 are double questions. On the second review this appeared sustainable because the questions were dealing with subject matter that would be very familiar to the respondents and which referred to an earlier more closed question. I have taken further liberties with the method such as asking emotive questions Like 'Have you experienced homophobia' because I have not had the concern of producing a generalised survey though that would be a consideration if I was to further this research in the future.

Results


For my results refer to my included questionnaires (Appendix 2). The main results from the quantitative question are below:

Quantitative Question Responses

Totals

1

Age

14-18

3

19-24

8

25-30

3

30-40

2

40+

4

2

Sex

Male

14

Female

6

3

Did you watch the fist series of QAF?

Yes

18

No

2

4

How did you find out about the series?

TV Advert

12

Print Ad

6

Billboard

2

Radio

5

Did you watch the second series of QAF?

Yes

14

No

6

6

Does QAF represent 'normal' gay life?

Yes

11

No

10

8

Reasons for watching QAF 2?

Reputation

Drama

6

Acting

2

Homosexuality

10

Sex

Drugs

Humour

9

Have you experienced Homophobia?

School

13

Home

6

Work

9

Leisure

12

10

QAF assists liberalising society?

Yes

9

No

2

Undecided

8

15

Why the controversy?

Never been done

14

Purely to shock

5

Political

4

16

Do gay people get enough representation on TV?

Yes

3

No

17


These raise some interesting points, regarding questions 1 and 2 these reinforce the notion of the programme achieving wide appeal as there is a wide age demographic while emphasising the appeal to 19-24 years olds with a degree of sex pre-occupation that the show established in the first episode. There is also a surprisingly high female respondent considering there was only minority female representation on the show4. Question 4 highlights the TV as the dominant medium for such a show which coincides with Davies opinion of the irrelevance of print media (see Appendix 1 and Interview section). With question 6 the sample is roughly split in half which is inevitable, as it is impossible to achieve universal representation. Question 8 reveals the fact that despite the show being applauded for quality of drama, acting and humour5, homosexuality was the main reason for watching the show implying a lack of representation currently in the media which ties in with the response to question 16. Question 9 reveals some of the reasons for the show’s success by striking a chord with sensitive issues, for example school was seen as the area of most homophobia that was tackled by the shows’ inclusion of a schoolboy (Nathan Maloney) at a time when section 28 was under review. Lastly regarding questions 10 and 15 such scenes that had never been seen before on British television were seen as the main factor behind the controversy generated with opinion split over whether this led to healthy debate (lowering the age of consent) or draw unwanted attention to vulnerable minorities. Homophobia, despite the perceived liberalisation of society that institutions such as the ITC appear to believe in (as mentioned previously), it is still of real concern.

For question 11 I have displayed the results in a graph (see Appendix 4). My sample preference was clearly for QAF and its uncompressing portrayal of homosexuality. Equally this highlighted the banality of current shows, with soaps coming a consistent last. However the question is biased in so far as some of the sample (French and Canadian respondents) did not have equal access to all the shows as their UK counterparts had.

Moving onto analysing my qualitative question results I have identified the following broad trends:

7) What things (in QAF) do you think should have been covered?
The female respondents, mostly 30 and above wanted to see more portrayal of everyday life outside of Babylon & Canal street which were the central clubbing locations of the series. Only two males followed this line. As apparent justification for Davies not to intend to make the show issue based, only one male wanted to see AIDS/safer sex addressed. I would argue this is because of viewer fatigue with previous shows pre-occupation with such issues (for example the long running HIV storyline in Eastenders).

12) Which of the said shows would you most like to see return and why?
6 out of 10 answering wanted QAF for various reasons; interestingly one 14-18 respondent said it helped with him coming out.6 One female respondent wanted Eastenders, making the point that as a hugely popular show it could be used for positive influences.

14) Which QAF character did you most identify with and why?
Vince Tyler was most popular with 2 females and 5 males because they could identify with his genuine intentions and disastrous love life! While Nathan Mahoney proved popular with the younger respondents who were of a similar age to the character, thus serving as a positive role model. Therefore a strong degree of character association was evident, undoubtedly a significant reason behind the shows success.

17) What are your current 3 favourite programmes?
A large variety of shows displayed that while gay programming was popular viewers were certainly not ghettoised in their choices, with older respondents favouring universal news, current affairs and gritty drama.

Interview

Following on from my analysis of the questionnaire results, please refer to my interview with the series creator; Russell T Davies (Appendix 1) that was arranged initially with the co-operation of Red Productions, the Manchester based production company responsible for the series.

I had pre-selected areas of relevance brought up from my own reading and the questionnaire results and had give these topic areas in advance to Davies so as he was able to prepare answers. I feel the following points are of particular relevance to my study. As example of society’s persistent homophobia, Becks the German beer company that were sponsoring a range of C4’s shows withdrew their sponsorship after the only the second episode because of a feared negative impact.

Regarding my questioning of the banality of current programming Davies concurs that the shows production values were excellent and his notion of hitting the market at the right time co-insides with the delicate political climate I described in the introduction.

The notion of gay backlash is particularly interesting, as Billingham describes Queer as Folk as a Hetrotpia, where heterosexuality is marginalized. This was clearly a notion that many found uncomfortable, against an upbringing of conventional socialisation. Indeed in Channel 4’s Right to Reply programme after the first episode had aired, featured Anglia Mason, head of equality group, Stonewall and a gay ‘Joe public’ strongly criticising the shows aberrant morality.

Davies raises the notion of globalisation as the show; originally thought to graphic for American viewers has now been successfully adapted to the US market (as well as a considerable global fan-base as the various countries’ fan-sites demonstrates). On seeing the first three episodes7 of the USA adaptation I could see how the show, while retaining the graphic depictions of sex had been adapted to American sensibilities. Issues around Religion were raised that were not present in the UK original as well as an amplification of consumerism and capitalism by raising the equivalent character of Nathan, (in the UK version, a working class background) to having a privileged lifestyle and going to a private school.

Content & Textual Analysis

Analysing the opening three minutes of the show revealed reasons for the controversy and unconformity within this drama.

There were immediately close-ups of the three (as yet) unknown main characters, talking to the camera (viewer) instead of the usual gradual association. The attractiveness was increased by strong use of primary colour.

There was an unusual amount of music variation, changing 7 times and helping to link the meeting of two characters that would form the framework for the series. The camera work is very fast and utilising numerous techniques. The last distinguishing feature is when a 15-year-old asks an innocent question, only to be hurled a flurry of expletives. However beyond such quantitative considerations Billingham expertly utilises textual analysis as a way to interpret produced meaning, particularly regarding the three main characters. Unfortunately such detailed analysis it excessive to the scope of this project as I have already determined the broad trends that differentiate this particular drama.

Conclusion

Obviously I faced difficulties in this assignment, ranging from difficulties in arranging interviews, to size of samples, to difficulty in printing off old correspondence! But I have found the project a challenging and rewarding experience considering the time restraints imposed. In reflection, the challenge with this project has been proving that public perception has changed and that my assignment touches on numerous areas outside of my scope. However aside from the predictable right wing (print) media I would say it is a sign of progress that there was not more controversy stirred. One of the most important features that I feel set the program apart was that it examined the sex lives of gay men; something that had been rather coyly sidelined in previous dramatic television treatments of homosexuality in Eastenders et al. I would say within the confines of this project, that the controversy was such precisely because there were more factors at play than is normal. That the banality of current TV dealing with gay related issues (not TV as a whole because my study revealed a wide preference of programmes, many not gay related at all) set up a standard waiting to be beaten. The question of society’s homophobia is obviously harder to distinguish, and there was an element of outrage from a prejudiced viewpoint that such issues should not be discussed on TV but if the institutions that regulate society are setting an example, then society is bound to follow in the future.

Footnotes:

1 This was successful in the Scottish assembly though was repeatedly frustrated in Westminster by a House of Lords conservative revolt led by Baroness young, See www.stonewall.org.uk

2 Founded by Mary Whitehouse – the paradigm of meridian reactionary values

3 www.csulb.edu/~asc/journal.html

4 See Appendix 1 for Davies’ remarks on how he was accused of being unrepresentative of lesbians, even though he did not set out with universal representation in mind

5 The main character of QAF, Stuart Alan Jones played by Aiden Gillian was voted as the 41st best TV character ever by an online poll conducted by Channel 4 for their 100 Best Television characters Ever programme (6/05/01)

6 “Being gay has never been so cool!” Heat magazine November 1999

7 2001 Gay and Lesbian Film Festival at the National Film Festival, London 28/03/01 –11/04/01



3. (Feb 2004) 'Allan Knows his Act' from Metronews (Canada)
by Terri-Lynne Waldron; courtesy of David (indydark); [published January 26th, 2004]

Eighteen-year-old Vancouver native, Harris Allan, is on the fast track to success.

A six-year veteran of episodic TV and films, he recently became a full-fledged cast member on the controversial drama series, Queer As Folk, playing reformed street kid and prostitute, Hunter.

His desire to act was fueled after watching a movie starring a former child star.

“I remember I was really excited when Home Alone 1 and 2 came out with Macaulay Culkin,” he recalls. “I watched them 250 times and acted it out. I kind of wanted to be the (Macauly Culkin) character Kevin Mccallister for probably a year.” Brad Pitt, Hal Sparks and Ewan McGregor are amongst some of his favourites today. His mother let him pursue acting on one condition.

“She said to me, ‘If you can turn your schooling around then we’ll get you in it’.”

Needless to say, Allan started to excel at school and his mother held up her end of the bargain. In Grade 7 he began classes at Tarlington Training in Vancouver.

After some time spent at both the Gulf Island Film and Television School and The Vancouver Film School, he was ready to seek professional representation.

“I got an agency, and then I started auditioning for stuff,” he says. “Within a year, I got my first part . . . it was one line in the New Addams Family TV show.”

Allan’s acting résumé also includes Cold Squad, the Wes Craven TV movie called, Don’t Look Down, Smallville and the movie, Paycheck.

He will soon be seen in the independent feature, A Home At The End Of The World, (co-starring Colin Farrell and Sissy Spacek), that premieres in L.A. and New York on July 23.

Despite all of his success, he has never forgotten the roots of his good fortune.

“With my education...it got me into a place where I learned all the fundamentals, and I kind of had a natural ability, and I just blossomed into this career.”

The season premiere of Queer As Folk is April 19.